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متوسطVOA • 08:18

پادکست لیسنینگ: آموزش افعال استاتیک در زبان انگلیسی و نکات گرامری

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جملهٔ ۱ از ۱۲۱
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Every year around the Thanksgiving holiday, a strange
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ceremony happens in Washington,
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D.C. the president stands
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outside the White House, gives a brief speech,
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and then officially pardons a turkey.
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A pardon is a declaration that someone
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will not be punished. You might
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be asking yourself, what is the connection between turkeys,
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Thanksgiving and Grammar in
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today's report, we explore what turkeys can
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teach you about English verbs.
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In particular, we will show you how Thanksgiving
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can teach you to use stative verbs.
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We will also show you the difference between stative
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and progressive verbs. The term
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stative verb refers to a verb
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that has a stative meaning. In other
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words, these verbs show or describe
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conditions or situations that
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do not do anything but exist.
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Verbs that commonly have a stative meaning
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include verbs that show emotional states
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such as love and dislike verbs
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that describe sense perceptions such as smell
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or taste verbs that show existence,
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such as seem or look.
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In the present tense, a verb with a stative
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meaning is generally used in its simple form.
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I love turkey or Americans
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like turkey are two examples.
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Verbs that have stative meanings are generally
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not used in the progressive tense.
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So you will probably not hear a native speaker
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say I am loving turkey or
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Americans are liking turkey.
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Do not fear. We can use our
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Thanksgiving example to make the point clearer.
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Imagine you are at an American store.
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You hear a conversation because between a customer and
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a store employee. The customer wants to
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buy a turkey that weighs 10 pounds,
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or 4.5 kilograms.
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Unlike the Turkey from the pardoning ceremony,
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this turkey will have a sad fate. The dinner
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table. The conversation you hear might
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go like this. How much does that turkey
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weigh? It weighs 10 pounds.
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How much does it cost? It costs
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$20. In the dialog,
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you can hear two examples of stative weigh
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and cost. The butcher said the
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turkey weighs 10 pounds and the turkey
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costs $20. In both cases,
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the verbs have a stative meaning.
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The butcher is describing a condition or situation
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that simply exists. The weight and
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cost of the turkey. Now imagine you
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are eating Thanksgiving dinner with an American family.
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You might hear any one of the following sentences.
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I love turkey. I dislike
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turkey. The turkey smells wonderful.
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The food tastes great.
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The turkey seems undercooked.
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The turkey looks awful. All these sentences
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include stative verbs. You might
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notice that the verbs are also in the simple present
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form. So why would an
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English speaker not say the turkey is seeming undercooked
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or I am disliking turkey?
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Susan Conrad and Douglas Biber are two
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English grammar experts. They say that
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in general, English speakers use the progressive
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tense only when the subject of the verb actively
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controls the state or action.
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In addition, English Speakers generally
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use the progressive only when the verb describes an
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action or state that happens over an extended
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period of time. So you
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would not hear an English speaker say, the turkey
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is seeming undercooked because the subject
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of the verb the turkey does not control its
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state being undercooked. For the
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same reason, you would not hear an English speaker
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say, I am disliking turkey because the verb
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subject I probably does not have control
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over the action of disliking turkey.
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Now, some verbs can have stative and progressive
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meanings. Consider these the
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food tastes good. The president is tasting
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the food. In the first sentence, the food
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does not control whether it is good or bad.
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As a result, the verb taste has
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a stative meaning because it simply describes the condition
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of the food. In the second sentence,
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the president is tasting the food. The subject of
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the verb, the president has control over
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his action. In addition, the action takes place
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over an extended period of time. The president must
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think about tasting food, then raise the food to his mouth,
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then consider its quality.
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So you could say that the verb taste in this example has
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a progressive meaning. The next time
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you are reading or listening to the news,
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pay special attention to the verbs.
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Notice when the progressive form is used and
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when the simple form is used. Then ask
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yourself, why does the verb subject control
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the action? Does the action occur over
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an extended period of time,
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or does the verb simply describe a
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condition that exists? If you are still confused
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about whether you should use a simple or progressive
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verb in your own conversations, Conrad and
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Biber have one tip that might help you.
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They say that in conversations, English speakers
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use simple verbs around 120 times
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in every 1000 words.
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Progressive verbs are much less common.
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They appear fewer than 20 times in
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every 1,000 words. I'm Alice
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Bryant. And I'm John Russell.

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